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广义关键词——就是决定答案性质和位置的词。
决大多数学生关键词这个概念的影响都认为要从题目中找出一个字回原文找他的重现。可是在雅思考试的阅读中往往没有这样的字。例如:
Scientists do not know for sure why the air and surface of ocean temperatures are rising because
A there is too much variability
B there is not enough variability
C they have not been recording these temperatures for enough time
D the changes have only been noticed for 100 years
我们注意到题目中并没有特别明显的字可以帮助在阅读时定位,相反我们每个字都认识这时,就应该理解题目本身的含义“科学家不知道大气和海平面温度上升的原因是什么”,首先我们要找到温度上升这一事实,再看科学家为何不知道其原因,只有理解意思才能确定答案在文章中的位置。再例如:
What was the cost of the revised budget for the Sydney bid?
问悉尼申奥修改后的预算要花多少钱。首先我们能理解意思。那么the revised budget决定答案的位置,同时,What was the cost决定答案的性质是数字,从这两个角度回原文阅读理解寻找答案要轻松的多。
狭义关键词——就是特殊的关键词(人名、地名、时间、数字、与生字)。这些小词定位特别方便。比如一道判断题:
It is Peter the Great who introduced Western civilization into Russia.
这个题目中有人名Peter the Great他在文章里一定会原形重现,所以只要找到他就可以确定答案。
语言重现
明确了题目中的关键词就要开始阅读文章来找到它们的重现。我们认为回原文找关键词的说法是不科学的。怎么找和找什么的问题仍然没能解决。我们说寻找关键词的三种语言重现。
l 原词重现——只存在与刚才说过的狭义关键词。人名、地名、时间、数字、与生字在原文中不会改变形式,仍以原形重现。但是这一类也不能保证永远不变。例如:题目中的关键词为some 30%,原文完全可以用one in three来代替。20%可以用80%代替,接着下文说the rest….,1993年回到原文里变成1991年,后面说two years later….这样的例子提醒我们阅读是决不是简单地化出关键词,回原文找关键词。而是要理解题目和原文的含义,这样才有下面的“同义重现”。
l 同义重现——是指原文没有重现关键词的形式,而重现了意思。例如:刚才的some 30%和one in three,conflict和strife,replace和substitute这些同义关系必需依靠我们已有的单词量和理解能力。再比如一道判断题:
原文:It is acknowledged for many years that an increasing number of animals are bound to become instinct, it is only recently that the problem has been addressed by politicians.
题目:We have known for a long time that more species of animals will disappear.
表面上原文与题目一个字都不相同,可是仔细阅读发现两个句子的含义是完全一致的。
l 关系重现——是指用题目和原文的句子结构相似性找到的重现。例如:
原文:A so B
题目:B because __
或是问:B resulted from __
仔细分析一下,原文和题目中的都是因果关系,原文是前因后果,题目是前果后因。而且两者的结果都相同,所以原因必然也相同,答案选A..
再例如一道选择题:
Why did Boeing not need a replica of the 777?
A It can use computers to check the desigh
B It already has enough experience with plans
C It will only need to update the replica of the previous model
C It can make sure all bits fit together.
文章某段讲了:The first of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided design system can replace with a click of computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time, Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system will take care of that. 在阅读题目是我们就应该对一些常考的关系(例如因果关系)保持敏感。题目问了why,证明答案应该回答原因。文章的第三行有明显的so,可以证明答案应该在so之前。
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